WZ°William ZhuENGINEERING PORTFOLIO
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FLIGHT & FABRICATION

3D Printed VTOL

Designing a 3D printed VTOL aircraft for autonomous payload drop, from initial sizing and aerodynamic analysis to electronics integration and a fully glueless airframe.

Role
Aircraft sizing, analysis & mechanical design
Tools & methods
XFLR5 · CFD · FEA · ASA · PA612-CF
CAD assembly of the VTOL aircraft showing segmented wings, fuselage, lift motors, booms, and tail

01 / Mission & initial sizing

The aircraft is being designed for autonomous payload drop. I developed an initial sizing sheet to establish the aircraft’s starting design parameters and organize the tradeoffs between the payload mission and the overall configuration. The initial concept drawing translated those parameters into a plan view, laying out rotor clearances, control surfaces, the tail, and the center-of-gravity location before detailed CAD. Together, these established a basis for the aerodynamic, structural, and integration work that followed.

Initial VTOL concept drawing with wing dimensions, rotor clearances, control surfaces, and center of gravity
Initial concept layout · A dimensioned plan view exploring the wing, lift-rotor spacing, tail, control surfaces, and center-of-gravity location before detailed CAD.

02 / Aerodynamics & outer geometry

I used XFLR5 and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to inform the aerodynamic design and work toward locking in the outer mold line (OML) of the fuselage and aircraft. The fuselage outer mold line contributed approximately 2.5 N of drag in the CFD analysis—about 25% of the roughly 10 N total aircraft drag. These analyses informed the external geometry used for detailed mechanical design.

CFD surface pressure visualization of the VTOL aircraft
Surface pressure from the aircraft CFD model, used alongside XFLR5 to inform the fuselage and aircraft outer geometry.

03 / Electronics & harness planning

I selected the onboard electronics and developed an electronics diagram and wiring-harness plan. The harness diagram maps power distribution and signal connections between the battery, flight controller, motor controllers, servos, and sensors. I also documented connector changes, solder joints, and cable extensions to plan the physical assembly alongside the airframe design.

Hand-drawn electrical harness plan linking battery, power distribution, flight controller, ESCs, servos, and sensors
Electrical harness planning · Power and signal connections between the 6S battery, PM07 power module, Pixhawk 6C, motor controllers, servos, and sensors, with assembly notes for connectors, soldering, and extensions.
Wing servo installation with an exposed servo arm and threaded inserts
Wing servo integration · A dedicated mounting location brings the actuator into the printed wing, with access to the servo arm and nearby threaded inserts.

04 / Glueless airframe & materials

I developed the mechanical design around a fully glueless assembly, using ASA and PA612-CF printed components. The design work considers how the full aircraft fits together, with mechanical connections and component interfaces planned as part of the assembly rather than relying on bonded joints.

Partially assembled printed wings, spar tubes, and carbon fiber motor booms
Airframe assembly in progress · Printed wing sections and carbon fiber tubes establish the wing and boom layout before the fuselage and remaining systems are installed.
Bolted split clamps secure a carbon fiber boom at the wing interface
Glueless wing–boom interface · Bolted split clamps connect the carbon fiber tube to the printed wing structure.

05 / Structural sizing & bracket analysis

I worked on carbon fiber tube sizing for the aircraft structure and used finite element analysis (FEA) to assess a bracket design. These tasks connect the structural members and local attachment details to the broader airframe design.

Lift motor and folding propeller on a printed mount clamped to a carbon fiber boom
Lift motor mounting detail · The printed bracket connects the motor to the carbon fiber boom through a bolted clamp. The folding propeller, hub, and motor leads are visible.
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